Uttrakhand

       Uttrakhand

Located at the foothills of the Himalayan mountain ranges, it is largely a hilly State, having international boundaries with China (Tibet) in the north and Nepal in the east Uttarakhand was formed on the 9th November 2000 as the 27th State of India, when it was carved out of northern Uttar Pradesh. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon, with a total of 13 districts. The winter capital and largest city of the state is Dehradun, which is also a railhead.

Uttarakhand borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north; the Sudurpashchim Province of Nepal to the east; the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the west and north-west. It is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" (lit. 'Land of the Gods')^[26] due to its religious significance and numerous Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. In 1816, most of modern Uttarakhand was ceded to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals, the proximity of different neighbouring ethnic groups and the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions, The natives of the state are generally called Uttarakhandi, or more specifically either Garhwali or Kumaoni depending on their region of origin. 

Etymology

However, the region was given the name Uttaranchal by the Bharatiya Janata Party-led union government and Uttarakhand state government when they started a new round of state reorganisation in 1998. Chosen as per BJP claims for its allegedly less-separatist connotations, since the proposed state name Uttarakhand had been used exclusively in all major statehood protests. The name change generated widespread controversy among many activists and citizens who saw it as a political act meant to hijack credit from the activist party The name Uttarakhand remained popular in the region, while Uttaranchal was promulgated only through official usage. The bill was passed by the Parliament and signed into law by then President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in December 2006, and since 1 January 2007 the state has been known as Uttarakhand.

History

Though initially, it was believed that due to harsh climate and mountainous terrain, this was a barren and uninhabited land. But after various excavations and the study of ancient literature, it is now established that the history of Uttarakhand goes back to Stone Age. The region formed a part of the Uttarakuru Kingdom during the Vedic age of Ancient India. Among the first major dynasties of Kumaon were the Kunindas in the second century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism. Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region.  There are also archaeological remains that show the existence of early Vedic (c. 1500 BCE) practices in the area

 By the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the Garhwal Kingdom in the west and the Kumaon Kingdom in the east. During this period, learning and new forms of painting (the Pahari school of art) developed.^[38] Modern-day Garhwal was likewise unified under the rule of Parmars who, along with many Brahmins and Rajputs, also arrived from the plains.^[39] In 1791, the expanding Gorkha Empire of Nepal overran Almora, the seat of the Kumaon Kingdom. . In 1803, the Garhwal Kingdom also fell to the Gurkhas. After the Anglo-Nepalese War, this region was ceded to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli and the erstwhile Kumaon Kingdom along with the eastern region of Garhwal Kingdom was merged with the Ceded and Conquered Provinces.

The Pitons, St. Lucia

 

    The Pitons, St. Lucia

Petit Piton is 743 m (2,438 ft) high and Gros Piton is 798.25 m (2,618.9 ft) high; they are linked by the Piton Mitan RIDEG. IN  the near the town of souafrica.  The Pitons are located on either side of Jalousie Bay. The Pitons are located between the towns of Soufrière and Choiseul on the southwestern coast of the island in the electoral districts of three and ten. 

Flora and fauna

. A survey has revealed 168 species of finfish, 60 species of cnidaria, including corals, eight mollusks, 14 sponges, 11 echinoderms, 15 arthropods, and eight annelid worms. The dominant terrestrial vegetation is tropical moist forest grading to subtropical wet forest, with small areas of dry forest and wet elfin woodland on the summits.  The Gros Piton is home to some 27 bird species (five of them endemic), three indigenous rodents, one opossum, three bats, eight reptiles, and three amphibians. Gros Piton can be climbed without ropes or mountaineering experience. One can hike to the summit and come back down to sea level within several hours. Local guides are provided by the National Park and are included with your entry fee. They are trained by the government to have basic knowledge of the languages common among tourists and of the medical procedures required in case of common accidents The islands of Dominica, Martinique, Barbados, and St. Vincent can be seen from its peak.

In popular culture

Both mountains are an attraction for hikers although the Gros Piton peak is more popular since it is an easier climb and tours are offered by The Soufrière Foundation, a non-profit group that is dedicated to helping preserve the Pitons Management Area. Petit Piton lies towards the middle of Soufrière Bay, south of Soufrière and north of Gros Piton Saint Lucia's local brand of beer made by the Windward & Leeward Brewery is named after the Pitons.

Lapland, Finland

Lapland, Finland                   

 IN the area of Lapland in 100,366 square kilometres to the one-third of the total area of Finland.
 on the shore of the Bay of Bothnia of the top of Finland is more than 500 kilometres on the shore  at the southernmost municipality of Lapland. shore of the Bay of Bothnia.

the Lapland's cold and wintry climate t has become associated with Christmas in some countries coupled with the relative abundance of conifer trees such as pines.. notably the United Kingdom, TO the  Lapland Lapland has also become a major tourist destination for the world-class celebrities as well as royalty.
.  

Geography

 on the Finnish side of the border and is the highest point in the region's highest point is on Halti in Finland..  Lapland is known as Forest-Lapland. Lake Inari, the many fens of the region and the Salla-Saariselkä mountains are all part of Forest-Lapland. Fell-Lapland lies in the fells of the Scandinavian Mountains. on top of soil types in Lapland in the Forest are sand in the conifer forests.. IN  home of Santa Claus (Father Christmas or Saint Nicholas) since 1927,  developed the Santa Claus Village attraction to encourage tourism.  It has been suggested the inselberg plains were formed in the Late Cretaceous or Paleogene period by pediplanation or etchplanation.^[17] Relative to southern Finland Lapland stands out for its thick till cover. The bedrock of Lapland belongs to the Karelian Domain occupying the bulk of the region, the Kola Domain in the northeast around Lake Inari and the Scandinavian Caledonides in the tip of Lapland's northwestern arm.

       

Climate

The snow cover is usually thickest in early April. Soon after that the snow cover starts to melt fast. in Kilpisjärvi on 19 April 1997 and it was 190 cm.^[27 The annual mean temperature varies from a couple of degrees below zero in the northwest to a couple of degrees above zero in the southwest (Kemi-Tornio area). 

History

Lapland was to become a Grand Principality and part of the inheritance of the proposed king of Finland. Lapland Province was separated from Oulu Province in 1938 The Germans used scorched earth tactics in Lapland before they withdrew to Norway. 40 to 47 per cent of the dwellings in Lapland and 417 kilometres (259 mi) of railroads were destroyed, 9,500 kilometres (5,900 mi) of roadways were mined, destroyed or were unusable, and 675 bridges and 3,700 kilometres (2,300 mi) of telephone lines were also destroyed.  Large hydroelectric plants and mines were established and cities, roads and bridges were rebuilt after the destruction of the war. In the late 20th century the economy of Lapland started to decline, mines and factories became unprofitable and the population started to decline rapidly across most of the region.

Oshino Hakkai, Oshino, Yamanashi, Japan

            

Oshino Hakkai, Oshino, Yamanashi, Japan

The ponds were originally known as the Fujisan Nemoto Hakko Eight is a significant number in Buddhism, and making a circuit of the eight ponds was a major part of Mt.IN THE 1868, when the new government on the took measures to reduce the immense wealth and power of the religious ablutions at the ponds gradually ceased. 

 That vista is the striking “Diamond Fuji” phenomenon, which can only be seen from certain places setting sun aligns perfectly with the peak of Mt.in the sun of the caldera as the Fuji. it is even take some home in a bottle in the  water in the Waku Pond is especially clear and clean, and visitors are encouraged to drink..

                                               Hannoki Bayashi Shiryokan

don't miss taking a walk along the nearby cherry tree-lined river with views of the blossoms in combination with Mount Fuji in a few days later than around Lake Kawaguchiko).  a Fujikko tourist buses also make in the a stop at Oshino Hakkai in Further. 

the village of goverment  at the one public elementary school and one public in junior high school operated.

.  a village has not high school. The density of 391,8 persons per km2 in total area of the village is 25.05 square kilometres

. In the humid summers and hot in  winters relatively mild. . The average annual rainfall is 1804 mm with September as the wettest month  While you enjoy those, you can take in the gorgeous views of Mount Fuji, whether you're there in time for fall foliage or cherry blossoms.

which can only be seen from certain places due to the position of the Earth. The water in the Waku Pond is especially clear and clean, and visitors are encouraged to drink it and even take some home in a bottle

Khatu Shyam

                     Khatu Shyam
 

IN the KhatuShyam is a manifestation Hinduism the of son of Ghatotkacha..  He was the son of sired by Bhima through one of his wives of the Jagadamba and Ghatotkacha.  he is the explained to Barbarika to the battle the head of the bravest Kshatriya needed to be sacrificed.

   IN the but also declared that Barbarikaʼs devotees would be blessed and all only granted him the boon but also declared that Barbarikaʼs in granted by simply pronouncing his name from the bottom and all their wishes granted by simply pronouncing his name from the bottom of their hearts. THE placed by the atop a hill overlooking the battlefield. When the victorious Pandava brothers argued amongst to the who was responsible for the victory in the battle was over.  to the prevent total destruction, Barbarik sacrificed his head for the cause, and the war commenced A dip in this pond cures a person from  the war commenced with his act of honor.

                                                                            

Barbarik's Head Found in Khatoo Village

to the temple and install the head therein in thethen had a dream where he was inspired to build a temple the Roopsingh Chauhan, king of Kharein. this is the to only slightly different version of this legend. Roopsingh Chauhan was the ruler of Khatu. he is once had a dream in which the deity instructed to the take his image out of the earth in the  His wife, Narmada Kanwar., it yielded the in the temple is the idol of was duly enshrined.

Temple Construction

the old temple in nobleman known as Diwan Abhaisingh renovated in 1720 ad  of Marwar. The idol is made of rare stone. the sanctum sanctorum are covered with gold sheet of the family deity of many families.Immediately, fountains of blood appeared from the Shiva Lingam. The soldiers ran away, terrified. see the mark of the on the Lingam. The "Shyam Kund" is a holy pond near the temple from where the 'Sheesh' of baba shyam came out. In this kund devotees take bath and do worship of khatu naresh

   

Sintra, Portuga

                            Sintra

The town constitutes three Miguel, São Martinho, and São Pedro de Pennaferrim) and is within the much larger Sintra An area of former royal summer residence, Sintra possesses a beauty that was celebrated by Lord Byron in his poem Childe Harold’s Sintra was designated a in 1995. On one the of mountain peaks is the. a 16th-century monastery and partly an imitation of a by her young German On the extensive grounds of the castle, Ferdinand created the Parque da Pena, a series of  the park is throug out the incorporates natural elements in adapting to the area’s rugged terrain rather than reshaping it.in the old-town of the Sintra Although damaged in the earthquake in 1755 the palace it was restored in 21st century more than 400,000 tourists visited to the  painstakingly restored. World Heritage site, any of various areas or objects inscribed on the The sites are designated as having “outstanding universal value” under the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. 

                                              

Designating World Heritage sites

this are cultural, natural, and mixe types of sites.. Natural heritage sites are restricted to those natural areas that 1)provide excellent examples of ongoing ecological and biological evolutionary processes,2) furnish outstanding examples of Earth’s record of life or its geologic processes,3) furnish habitats for rare or endangered animals or plants or are sites of exceptional biodiversity. The ratio of cultural to natural sites on the World Heritage  List is roughly 3 to 1  Several new sites are added to the list The ratio of cultural to natural sites on the World Heritage at the middle of each year.

                                           The Nubian preservation campaign 

Aerial archaeological surveys were carried out by UNESCO in collaboration with the governments of the U.A.R. and Sudan in 1960. made ground surveys of the many islands of the Second Cataract and of sections of the east and west banks of the In addition, the mission recorded and excavated a considerable number of sites.

    

    

 

Hallstatt

                                     

                                            Hallstatt
 

 to the term Hallstatt is the late Bronze  early Iron Age culture in central and western Europe. because of the  parts of clothing, and even the bodies of the miners themselves have been discovered. To the dated to be schilars among the disagreement to these. practiced in cemeteries of flat graves was thin walled, some of it betraying strong metallic influence,  is noticeable. to the western regions, was marked by the Old Bronze Age population of southwest Germany. became common in burial, and  is extremely well made. Both cremation and inhumation and the both polychrome and unpainted.

Iron Age

history

                      Maiden Castle

Iron Age, final technological and cultural stage in the date of the full Iron Age, in which this metal for the most part of varied geographically, beginning in the  not until about 600 BCE.at the time its recognized in superior in over those of bronze. of iron objects was rapid and widespread.  in the 2,000 years and that for the first time and set off a large-scale movements of peoples that did not in the hands of the masses is a series. the is changed in Asia and europe.

                    

                       Oberösterreich

Oberösterreich, Bundesland (federal state), northern Austria. the west and north and is bounded by Bundesländer Oberösterreich lies between the Inn and the Enns rivers and is traversed by the occupies the northeastern portion of the state, north of the Danube.IN this place is extensively wooded to the southeast northwest from the grassland at lower elevations in undulating surface has poor soil.
with its many lakes and high peaks.the state of the barren with the lower slopes and  some of the arable land in the valleys. The most economically important part of the state lies between the Danube and the Alps to the south. The forested slopes of the Hausruck Mountains and the Kobernausser Forest in the center have deposits of brown coal (lignite).

        

Disneyland

                 

                       Disneyland

 IT is the first theme park in the constructed in one designed by under the  supervision Walt of opened on July 17, 1955. to the  Stanford Research in  to perform in the study of determining an appropriate. They are founded in Construction began in 1954 by the park  a during in press event on the ABC Television Network in july17, 1955. its opening, to the  major roal in renovations, including year in 1966.theme park in the world in with 757 larger million visis in the since open the disneyland at december of 2021.. IN 2022 IN VISIT PEOPLES IN 16.9 MILLON ON DECEMBER ON 2022 iN the second most visited amusement park in the world year in behind.

History

 he is realized to inquire about visiting the Walt Disney Studios to the letters a functional movie studio in visiting. to the studios in ideas a site near Burbank  for tourists in forter.  the  largerland fir a project though grew much in could hold southeast of Los Angeles in neighboring The small Burbank site originally considered by Disney is now home to Walt   in obtaining funding prompted Disney to investigate new methods of fundraising, and he It was broadcast on then-fledgling  For its first five years of operation, Disneyland was owned by  Disney rented out many of the shops on By 1960, Walt Disney Productions bought out all other shares, but the partnership had already led to a lasting relationship with  The park was opened one year and one day  in preparation for the traffic Disneyland was expected to bring, two more lanes were added to the.

                                                                         

Opening day

Disneyland was dedicated at an "International Press Preview" event held on Sunday, July 17, 1955, which was open only The Special Sunday events, including the dedication, were televised nationwide and anchored by three of Walt Disney's friends from In Frontierland, a camera caught Cummings kissing a dancer.

RUS

z

                                 RUS

THE history of rus to 9th central 10th century is formation in eastern europe. because this importance is a set of so-called altemative views that are largely to a confined minor of group european scholars eastern. in intervocalic position or before a voiced consonant, it is pronounced like IN the pronunciation difference between róðr and rober is minute. There two theories behind in origin of '/Ruotsi, RUS which is not mutually exclusive. It is directly more derived from rowing to referred. the name of a final original an revealing the first is pronounced like in english. The name in element and in plural in the reference. in the Old Two of them on the lost in the Swedish heartland. TWO the theories of compatible because at the time covered by the heartland of Mälaren Valley.

History
The of Varangians mentioned in the first Primary Chronicle. The largest  the capital of a powerful  in this part of Europe  that the  places of The two original centres  Old Russian State it has been in the developments in the early-8th century The objects of the For a short period of time  of the Norse in world in 10th-century  of collections. Evidence for strong in Evidence for strong and the early Kievan in texts.

                                

Scandinavian sources

 the area of simply Garðar The last name in the 12th century of geographical in the Swedes it is possible to the  etymological interpretation in  Swedish origin. The most contemporary sources are the vast majority of them arrive relatively late  the title that the commander is a virtually unique word for "leader in  not attested as a noun in the sense "leader" in West Norse sources. 

     
The tributaries of the Varangians drove them back beyond the sea and, refusing them further tribute, set out to govern themselves. There was no law among them, but tribe rose against tribe